Perhaps most significantly, a general framework is provided for examination of vorticity balance over steep slopes through a full 3D depth-dependent vorticity equation. ![]() It is shown that JEBAR and APV tend to compensate, and their difference is comparable to bottom pressure torque. On the other hand, in the 2D depth-integrated vorticity equation, the main balance is between nonlinear advection and bottom pressure torque. In the 2D depth-averaged vorticity equation, the advection of geostrophic potential vorticity (APV) term and the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR) term are dominant. ![]() To study the mechanisms of Kuroshio intrusions, the vorticity balance is examined using a high-resolution nested numerical model. ![]() The circulation of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan is characterized by a large anticyclonic loop of surface intrusion and strong upwelling at the shelfbreak.
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